This survey took place between 20 and 23 May 2016 and was conducted throughout all of Russia in both urban and rural settings. The survey was carried out among 1600/800 people over the age of 18 in 137 localities of 48 of the country’s regions. The survey was conducted as a personal interview in respondents’ homes. The answer distribution is presented as percentages of the number of participants along with data from previous surveys. The statistical error of these studies does not exceed 3.4%.
WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARD THE UNITED STATES IN GENERAL?
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||
| V | I | III | V | VII | IX | XI | I | III | V | |
| Very positive | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Mostly positive | 15 | 11 | 17 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 18 |
| Mostly negative | 40 | 42 | 38 | 41 | 39 | 41 | 46 | 39 | 42 | 47 |
| Very negative | 31 | 39 | 35 | 32 | 31 | 27 | 24 | 26 | 22 | 23 |
| It is difficult to say | 11 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 11 |
WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARD THE EUROPEAN UNION IN GENERAL?
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2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||
| V | I | III | V | VII | IX | XI | I | III | V | ||
| Very positive | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Mostly positive | 22 | 18 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 24 | |
| Mostly negative | 38 | 43 | 38 | 38 | 41 | 39 | 45 | 39 | 41 | 46 | |
| Very negative | 22 | 28 | 26 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 15 | 19 | 19 | 16 | |
| It is difficult to say | 15 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 14 | |
WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARD UKRAINE IN GENERAL?
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||
| V | I | III | V | VII | IX | XI | I | III | V | |
| Very positive | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Mostly positive | 30 | 20 | 29 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 25 | 26 | 23 | 24 |
| Mostly negative | 33 | 36 | 34 | 36 | 39 | 36 | 42 | 37 | 42 | 45 |
| Very negative | 16 | 28 | 21 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 18 |
| It is difficult to say | 17 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 14 | 11 | 12 |
WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARD BELARUS IN GENERAL?
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||
| V | I | III | V | VII | IX | XI | I | III | V | |
| Very positive | 21 | 19 | 22 | 29 | 22 | 23 | 19 | 18 | 21 | 22 |
| Mostly positive | 64 | 62 | 63 | 54 | 62 | 61 | 64 | 63 | 65 | 61 |
| Mostly negative | 5 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 6 |
| Very negative | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| It is difficult to say | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 |
NAME FIVE COUNTRIES THAT YOU WOULD CALL RUSSIA’S CLOSEST FRIENDS OR ALLIES (multiple answers; answers arranged according to last survey)
| 2006 | 2007 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
| Belarus | 47 | 38 | 50 | 49 | 35 | 34 | 46 | 51 | 55 | 50 | |
| Kazakhstan | 33 | 39 | 38 | 32 | 33 | 28 | 31 | 37 | 41 | 39 | |
| China | 24 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 20 | 40 | 43 | 34 | |
| India | 15 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 13 | 18 | 18 | |
| Armenia | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 13 | |
| Cuba | – | 8 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 10 | |
| Syria | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 10 | |
| Uzbekistan | 6 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | |
| Azerbaijan | 7 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 7 | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 7 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 7 | |
| Venezuela | – | 2 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 6 | |
| Serbia | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 6 | |
| Tajikistan | 3 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 6 | |
| Japan | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | |
| Bulgaria | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 4 | |
| Mongolia | – | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | |
| Egypt | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | |
| North Korea | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| Israel | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | |
| Italy | 7 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
| Georgia | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
| Germany | 22 | 24 | 17 | 24 | 20 | 17 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| Iran | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Moldova | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 2 | |
| Brazil | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | |
| Greece | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | |
| Vietnam | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | |
| Bulgaria | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 4 | |
| Spain | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | |
| Turkmenistan | 2 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
| Czech Republic | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
| Finland | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| France | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| South Korea | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ukraine | 10 | 11 | 3 | 20 | 21 | 13 | 16 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| Slovakia, Afghanistan, Iraq, USA, Austria, Great Britain, Poland, Turkey, Australia, Netherlands, South Africa, Hungary, Switzerland, Sweden (in May, 2016 each country received 0.5-1%) | 10 | ||||||||||
| Canada, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and others (in May, 2016 each country received less than 1%) | 2 | ||||||||||
| None | 13 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 14 | |
| It is difficult to say | 15 | 18 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 11 | |
WHICH FIVE COUNTRIES WOULD YOU SAY ARE THE MOST UNFRIENDLY OR HOSTILE TOWARDS RUSSIA? (multiple answers; answers arranged according to last survey)
| 2006 | 2007 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
| USA | 37 | 35 | 45 | 26 | 33 | 35 | 38 | 69 | 73 | 72 | |
| Ukraine | 27 | 23 | 41 | 13 | 20 | 15 | 11 | 30 | 37 | 48 | |
| Turkey | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 29 | |
| Poland | 7 | 20 | 10 | 14 | 20 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 22 | 24 | |
| Latvia | 46 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 26 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 23 | |
| Lithuania | 42 | 32 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 25 | 17 | 24 | 25 | 23 | |
| Germany | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 19 | 19 | |
| Great Britain | 5 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 18 | 21 | 18 | |
| Estonia | 28 | 60 | 30 | 28 | 30 | 23 | 16 | 21 | 19 | 16 | |
| Georgia | 44 | 46 | 62 | 57 | 50 | 41 | 33 | 19 | 11 | 10 | |
| Canada | 1 | <1 | 1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 6 | |
| Japan | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | |
| France | 1 | 1 | 1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 4 | |
| Egypt | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | <1 | 3 | |
| Finland | 1 | <1 | 1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Syria | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| Afghanistan | 12 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 15 | 8 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 2 | |
| Romania | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
| Australia | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
| Moldova | 9 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
| Israel | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Iran | 7 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Iraq | 9 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| Saudi Arabia | – | 1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
| Azerbaijan | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Austria | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Switzerland | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Netherlands | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Sweden | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bulgaria | 1 | 1 | <1 | <1 | 2 | 1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | |
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Serbia, Czech Republic, North Korea, South Korea, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Italy, China, Tajikistan, Greece, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Italy, Spain, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Hungary, Venezuela, Vietnam, Slovakia (in May, 2016 each country received less than 1%) |
10 | ||||||||||
| None | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 5 | |
| It is difficult to say | 19 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 1 | 21 | 24 | 17 | 14 | 10 | |
DO YOU THINK THAT RELATIONS HAVE BEEN CHANGING RECENTLY, AND, IF SO, IN WHAT DIRECTION?
| Between Russia and the US | Between Russia and the European Union | |
| Definitely going in the right direction | 2 | 2 |
| It seems they are changing for the better | 10 | 14 |
| I don’t see any changes | 49 | 47 |
| It seems they are changing for the worse | 23 | 21 |
| Definitely changing for the worse | 8 | 7 |
| It is difficult to say | 8 | 10 |
IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT KIND OF INFLUENCE DOES THE EUROPEAN UNION HAVE IN TODAY’S WORLD? (N=800)
| May.16 | |
| Strong influence | 18 |
| Some influence | 40 |
| Weak influence | 26 |
| No influence | 6 |
| Don’t know/No answer | 11 |
IF RUSSIA HAD THE CHANCE TO BECOME A FULL MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION NOW, WOULD YOU BE FOR OR AGAINST THIS? (N=800)
| Aug.09 | May.16 | |
| Definitely for | 12 | 5 |
| Probably for | 41 | 19 |
| Probably against | 15 | 37 |
| Definitely against | 6 | 19 |
| It is difficult to say | 27 | 21 |
ARE YOU WORRIED ABOUT THE THREAT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COLLAPSING IN CONNECTION WITH THE INFLUX OF REFUGEES FROM NORTHERN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST? (N=800)
| May 10* | May 16 | |
| Definitely yes | 5 | 4 |
| To some degree yes | 28 | 23 |
| Probably not | 32 | 33 |
| Definitely not | 18 | 32 |
| It is difficult to say | 16 | 9 |
*This question was given in the following form: “ARE YOU WORRIED ABOUT THE THREAT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COLLAPSING IN CONNECTION WITH THE CURRENT CRISIS CAUSED BY ENORMOUS AND GROWING DEBT INCURRED BY A NUMBER OF ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES?”
Translated by Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey (formerly Monterey Institute of International Studies).